The landmark 2015 Iran nuclear deal officially came to an end on Saturday, marking the expiration of UN Security Council Resolution 2231, which endorsed the agreement. Iran’s Foreign Ministry spokesperson Esmail Baghaei confirmed that “with the end of Resolution 2231 on October 18, its provisions have officially terminated,” signaling what Tehran described as the final collapse of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).At a weekly briefing, Baghaei said Iran had informed the United Nations of the resolution’s expiry, adding that the country’s nuclear rights, including uranium enrichment and research, “remain valid.” He called the JCPOA “a temporary and conditional understanding,” and accused the United States of violating international law by withdrawing from the agreement in 2018. European governments, he added, had “failed to meet their own obligations” by following Washington’s lead.
Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi also formally notified the UN that Iran would no longer adhere to its remaining commitments under the deal. “Iran had implemented the JCPOA in good faith and with full precision, while the United States had grossly violated international law by reimposing unilateral sanctions,” he wrote in a letter to the Secretary-General and the Security Council president.
What it means
The expiry of Resolution 2231 marks a formal end to the Security Council’s oversight of Iran’s nuclear activities, removing the final layer of UN-endorsed restrictions on Tehran’s programme. The decision effectively restores Iran’s freedom to enrich uranium, expand research, and pursue nuclear development without international constraints under the JCPOA framework.For Western powers, the lapse represents the loss of a key diplomatic instrument that once offered transparency and checks on Iran’s nuclear work through the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Analysts say the reimposition of sanctions and the absence of monitoring mechanisms now risk reigniting regional tensions.The United States and the European trio had hoped that maintaining some restrictions could deter Iran from expanding its nuclear capacity, but Tehran insists its program remains peaceful and within its sovereign rights. As one Western diplomat noted, the end of Resolution 2231 “does not just close a chapter—it removes the last barrier to a new, uncertain phase.”
Russia and China back Iran’s position at the UN
Tehran’s stance has received backing from Russia and China, both permanent members of the Security Council, which opposed moves by Britain, France, and Germany—the so-called E3—to reactivate. sanctions through the “snapback” mechanism. Baghaei said this outcome reflected “months of sustained diplomatic engagement,” citing discussions in New York and coordination with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).“Moscow and Beijing both made clear that the European powers lacked the legal standing to use the mechanism, since they had already violated the JCPOA,” he said. In a joint letter to the UN, Iran, China, and Russia asserted that “in accordance with operative paragraph 8 of Resolution 2231, all its provisions are terminated after October 18, 2025,” marking “the end of the Security Council’s consideration of the Iranian nuclear issue.,The allies accused the E3 of acting “illegally and without standing,” arguing that countries which had failed to meet their obligations under the JCPOA could not invoke its clauses. The letter further criticized Western powers for “succumbing to American pressure” and halting trade with Iran despite earlier commitments to revive the deal.
